Pronouns - सर्वनाम

Lesson - 2 Pronouns - सर्वनाम

मैं  - I

हम - We

तू - You (Known person of same or younger age)

तुम (लोग)* - You (Unknown person of same or younger age)

आप (लोग)* - You (Formal, i.e. , used with people of elder age)

यह - He, She, It, This (Used for things that are near and used for singular things and singular known people of same or younger age)

ये - These  (Used for things that are near used for things that are near used for plural things and used with singular & plural people of elder age)

वह - He, She, It, That (Used for things that are a bit far and used for singular things and singular known people of same or younger age)

वे - They, Those (Used for things that are a bit far and used for plural things and used with singular & plural people of elder age)
जो - What/ Who**
कोई - Someone
कुछ - Something

क्या  - What
कौन - Who
अपने आप / खुद - (One)Self***

* सब, सारे, कुछ, कोई, लोग, चीज़ें, व्यक्ति, चीज़

With Pronouns

1. सब, सारे (masculine), सारीं (feminine) - Comes with plural pronouns and means 'All'. Ex. तुम सब/ सारे (All of you (Males)), हम सारीं (All of us (Females))
2. कुछ - Comes with जो, क्या (used for things) which itself can be used for plurals but it can use कुछ if one wants to emphasize on its plural, and it means 'All'. Ex. जो कुछ - All of which, क्या कुछ - What all
3. कोई - Comes with जो (used for people) which itself can be used for plurals but it can use कोई if one wants to emphasize on its plural, and it means 'All'. Ex. जो कोई - All of whom
4. लोग - Comes with plural pronouns (to indicate people) but doesn't give an attribute like 'Some' and 'All', so if one only wants to put emphasis on the plural not focusing the attribute one can use it. It can only give an attribute when it itself is attributed by सब, सारे (doesn't change its gender due to the person described) - All and कुछ - Some. For the attribute 'All', सब, सारे can directly be used but for 'Some' one is bound use 'कुछ लोग'. Ex. हम सब/ सारे लोग (All of us), जो कुछ लोग (All of which), वे लोग (Those people (Emphasizing on more number of people))
5. चीज़ें - Comes with plural pronouns (to indicate things) but doesn't give an attribute like 'Some' and 'All', so if one only wants to put emphasis on the plural not focusing the attribute. It can only give an attribute when it itself is attributed by सब, सारीं (Doesn't change its gender due to the person described) - All and कुछ - Some. For the attribute 'All', सब, सारीं can directly be used but for 'Some' one is bound use 'कुछ चीज़ें'. Ex. ये सब, सारीं चीज़ें (All of these things), जो कुछ चीज़ें (Some of which things), वे चीज़ें (Those things (Emphasizing on more number of things))
6. व्यक्ति - Comes with वह, ये, जो to emphasize on to emphasize on the person. One can also use the name of the person instead, to specify. वह व्यक्ति - That person, कौन राहुल - Who Rahul
7. चीज़ - Comes with वह, ये, जो to emphasize on to emphasize on the thing. One can also use the name of the thing instead, to specify. वह चीज़ - That thing, यह कंप्यूटर - This computer
8. But specially, तुम and आप can be used to point one person only, although they are considered as plural therefore whenever they are used to point more number of people, "सब, सारे (masculine), सारीं (feminine), लोग" are necessary to put.

With Nouns

1. सब, सारे (masculine), सारीं (feminine) - Comes with plural nouns nouns and means 'All'. Ex. सब/ सारे बच्चे - All children, सब/ सारीं चिड़ियाँ - All the birds
2. कुछ - Comes with plural nouns and means 'Some'. Ex. कुछ बच्चे - Some children
3. कोई - Comes with singular nouns and means 'Some'. Ex. कोई बच्चा - Some child
4. लोग - Cannot define nouns for being a noun itself...
5. चीज़ - Cannot define nouns for being a noun itself...
6. चीज़ें - Cannot define nouns for being a noun itself...
7. व्यक्ति - Cannot define nouns for being a noun itself...

**जो

This is a relative pronoun. It refers to 'what and who' but not in interrogative format . We use it in sentences like "Call the person 'who' has come." जो (व्यक्ति) आया है उसे बुलाओ। and "Do 'what' I have told you." जो मैंने तुम्हें कहा है, वह करो। I know that you may be feeling it difficult to relate to the Hindi part but may be because of the English translation are able to relate something. जो itself is the plural but to put emphasis on its plural we use.... जो कुछ.

**अपने आप/ खुद
This is a reflexive pronoun that depends on the subject it is followed by. like
वह अपने आप खाएगा। - He will eat by himself.
मैं खुद को जितवाऊंगा। - I will cause myself to win.
तू अपने बारे में बात कर रहा है। - You are talking of yourself.
Etc..... 

Pronouns - सर्वनाम Table
Singular - एकवचन				Plural - बहुवचन
Personal Pronoun (I)			मैं	हम
Personal Pronoun (You familiar)			तू	तुम सब
Personal Pronoun (You)			तुम	तुम सब
Personal Pronoun (You formal)			आप	आप सब
Personal Pronoun (He/ She/ It, Far)			वह	वे
Demonstrative Pronoun (That)			वह	वे
Personal Pronoun (He/ She/ It, Near)			यह	ये
Demonstrative Pronoun (This)			यह	ये
Relative Pronoun (What, Who)			जो	जो कुछ
Indefinite Pronoun (Someone)			कोई	कोई (लोग)
Indefinite Pronoun (Something)			कुछ	कुछ (चीज़ें)
Interrogative Pronoun (What)			क्या	क्या
Interrogative Pronoun (Who)			कौन	कौन
Reflexive Pronoun (Myself, Himself etc.)			अपने आप / खुद	अपने आप / खुद